4. Legal Framework (continued)

4.5. Source-Specific Emission Standards

TABLE 6: SO2 Emission Limits for New Sources
Country	Thermal capacity [MW]	Solid fuels [mg/m3]	Oil-fired [mg/m3]	Gas-fired [mg/m3]
Czech Republic	0.2-5	2,500	<1% S in fuel	35
	5-50	2,500	1,700	35
	50-300	1,700	1,700	35
	>300	500	500	35
Romania	<100	2,000	1,700	35
	100-300	2,000	1,700	35
	300-500	400	400	35
	>500	400	400	35
Slovakia	0.2-2	2,500	-	35
	2-50	2,500	1,700	35
	50-400	1,700-400 (140-400 MW)	1,700-400 (>300 MW)	35
	>400	400	400	35
Slovenia	1-5	2,000
	5-50	2,000	1,700	35
	50-100	2,000	1,700	35
	100-300	2,000-400 (100-500 MW)	1,700	35
	300-500	2,000-400 (100-500 MW)	1,700-400 (300-500 MW)	35
	>500	400	400	35
Limit value ranges are calculated on the base of linear decreasing.

TABLE 7: Particulate Matter Limits for New Sources
Country	Thermal capacity [MW]	Solid fuels [mg/m3]	Oil-fired [mg/m3]	Gas-fired [mg/m3]
Czech Republic	0.2-5	250	100	10
	5-50	150	100	10
	50-300	100	50	10
	>300	100	50	10
Romania	<100	100	50	5
	100-300	100	50	5
	300-500	100	50	5
	>500	100	50	5
Slovakia	0.2-2	250	100	10
	2-50	150	100	10
	50-400	100	50	10
	>500	50	50	10
Slovenia	1-5	150
	5-50	50	50	5
	50-100	50	50	5
	100-300	50	50	5
	300-500	50	50	5
	>500	50	50	5

TABLE 8: Emission Standards by Sources [mg/Nm3]
	Romania		Slovakia		Slovenia		Bulgaria
Sources	SO2	Particulates	SO2	Particulates	SO2	Particulates	SO2	Particulates
Smelters	500 g/h 500 mg/m3	500 g/h	2,500 (1,500)	50	500-1,500	50-150	800	20
Refineries	-	"50mg/m3 (part.<5 mm)	2,500	-	1,700	-	1000	-
Iron and steel plants	-	-	400	100	500	20-50 150	-	30
Cement plants	-	-	400	50	400	50 (150*)	750	80
Pulp mills	-	-	700	100	-	-	-	-
*If total emissions exceed 500 g/h - limit emission concentration is 50 mg/m3, otherwise it is 150 mg/m3.

TABLE 9: Power Plant Emission Standards in Bulgaria [mg/Nm3]
Fuel type	Small power plants		Medium-sized power plants		Large power plants
					Built before 1992		New plants
	SO2	Dust	SO2	Dust	SO2	Dust	SO2	Dust
Solid Fuels	2,000	150	2,000	120	-	-	-	100
* Domestic coal	-	-	-	-	3,500	200	650	-
* Imported coal	-	-	-	-	2,000	150	650	80
Liquid fuels	1,000	80	1,000	50	1,700	50	650	50
Gaseous fuels	-	-	-	10	-	10	-	10

TABLE 10: Permitted Emissions1 from Combustion Processes in Poland [g/Gj]
Fuel type	Furnace	Group A		Group B		Group C
		SO2	Dust	SO2	Dust	SO2	Dust
Hard coal	Fixed grate	990	1,850	720	1,370	650	1,370
	Mechanical grate	990	800	640	600	200	600
	Pulverized coal1	1,240	170	870	90	200	90
	Pulverized coal2	1,240	260	870	130	200	130
Brown coal	Pulverized coal1	1,540	140	1,070	70	200	70
	Pulverized coal2	1,540	195	1,070	95	200	95
Coke	Fixed grate	410	720	410	235	410	235
	Mechanical grate	500	310	250	235	250	235
Oil	Boilers <50 MW	1,720		1,250		125
	Boilers >50 MW	1,720		170		170
1. With wet slag removal 2. With dry slag removal Rules for existing installations on the day the Ordinance detailing Permitted Emissions from Combustion Processes came into force: During the period to Dec. 31, 1997, must comply with the requirements for Group A; During the period after Dec. 31, 1997, must comply with the requirements for Group B; New installations put into operation after Dec. 31, 1994, should meet the requirements for Group C. Note: Quantities given in Table 10 should be applied to installations of over 0.2 MW.

	The emission standards given in Tables 6 and 7 will be applied to all new power plants once the legislation has been adopted. Meanwhile existing plants in the Czech Republic have to meet the emission standards applicable to new sources within a period of time individually determined for each plant but not later than December 31, 1998. Installation of control technologies is not directly required by the regulations, however compliance with the standards is the responsibility of the plant operator. Most plants are expected to be retrofitted with flue gas desulfurization equipment.
Flexible Approach	The flexible approach adopted towards existing power plants is common for all SILAQ countries. Compliance with the standards established for new units are to be adhered to by existing plants on a case-by-case basis after so-called feasibility and environmental impact studies. In that transitional period (usually to the end of 1998) existing plants will have to install emission control devices, switch to alternative fuel mixes, etc. The deadlines for meeting the cited standards are within the first decade of the next century. In addition, Bulgaria has established emission standards for the substitution of existing old plants as follows: the amount of SO2 should be not higher than 650 mg/Nm3, or the desulfurization efficiency may not be less than 90 percent in cases where fuel with a high sulfur content is used according to EU standards. As for NOx, particulates and CO, the following standards must be met: NOx - 600 mg/Nm3; particulate - 100 mg/Nm3; CO - 250 mg/Nm3. Romania and Bulgaria apply different emission control standards to existing thermal power plants commissioned before 1992, and to those new power plants commissioned thereafter. If the existing plant doesn't comply with the standards it can continue to operate by paying an environmental fine. If the standard is not met by a new plant, then it is forbidden to operate. It is very important to note the comprehensive structure of Bulgarian and Slovenian standards that allows for specific cases to be dealt with in a flexible way. These take into account the economic situation of the country and allow for the smooth transition from existing toward more stringent regulations.
EU Harmonization	When comparing the emission standards for different sources, EU standards presented in Tables 11, 12 and 13 should be taken as the reference point. A comparison of the standards show that the values adopted in the SILAQ countries are comparable with EU standards and in some cases mirror them. But full harmonization requires a transition period that allows for a gradual shift towards the new standards without social, administrative or economic setbacks and restrictions. TABLE 11: SO2 Emission Standards in the EU for New Plants Burning Solid Fuels MW Emission limit value - mg/Nm3 Desulfurization rate (%) 50-100 2,000 - 100-500 2,000-400 (linear decrease) 40%: 100-167 MW 40-90%: linear increase 167-500 MW >500 400 90 Note: Should the emission limit be exceeded with high-sulfur coal, the percentage reduction rates or maximum limit of 650 mg/Nm3 should be applied TABLE 12: SO2 Emission Standards in the EU for New Plants Burning Gaseous Fuel Fuel type Limit value (mg/m3) Gaseous fuels in general 35 Liquefied gas 5 Low calorific gases from gasification of refinery residues, coke oven gas, blast-furnace gas 800 TABLE 13: Particulate Emission Standards in the EU for New Plants Fuel type MW Limit value (mg/m3) Solid >500 50   <500 100 Liquid All plants 50 Gaseous All plants 5 as a rule, but 10 for blast furnace gas and 50 for gases produced by steel industry which can be used elsewhere Note: A limit value of 100 mg/Nm3 may be applied to plants with a thermal capacity of less than 500 MW burning liquid fuel with an ash content of more than 0.06%.