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"Toll System: In February 1990, Oslo,
Norway implemented a toll system. Oslo motorists are charged
NKr 10 (U.S. $1.50) to pass through one of the 18 gantries set
up around the central business district. Prepayment coupons costing
NKr 180 (U.S. $27) for 20 trips or NKr 2,200 (U.S. $330) for
an annual pass are also available. Coupons need to be displayed
in the windshield. Prepayment lanes are enforced by a number
plate video surveillance and a 1:20 spot check to deter sneak
drivers. Some 100,000 people were reported to subscribe to the
prepayment system in the first few months (Roseland 1998: 115)."
"Reduction in Required Parking: Several
cities have found that parking programs pay. Sacramento, California
grants developers a five percent reduction in required parking
for providing bicycle facilities, 15 percent for providing marked
car / van-pool spaces, and 60 percent for purchasing transit
passes for tenants of new offices (Roseland 1998: 116)."
"Increased Parking Rates: The Canadian
federal government increased its parking rates for federal employees
in Ottawa, resulting in: a 23 percent reduction in employees
driving to work; a 16 percent increase in transit ridership among
federal employees; and an increase in average vehicle occupancy
from 1.33 to 1.41 passengers (Roseland 1998: 116)."
"Curitiba, Brazil: Rather than invest
in an expensive new metro or light rail system, Curitiba decided
to improve upon its bus system in conjunction with supportive
land use planning. From a single bus line serving the entire
city of 600,000 people in 1974, Curitiba's bus network has continually
expanded to meet growing demand. The transportation system is
hierarchical, with different buses playing different roles. Silver
buses, for example, have their doors on the left side, only stop
at every third stop, and drive with regular traffic on normal
streets, while express buses are bright red and have doors on
the right side. Passengers can get anywhere in the city with
a single far of about 55 cents. In 1991, Curitiba introduced
tube stations - elevated glass bus stops where passengers pay
their fare, enter through a turnstile, then board at the bus
level. This "surface metro" accommodates three times
as many passengers per hour as before, save bundles of time,
and costs one-three-hundredth the price of an underground metro.
Curitiba's public transportation system is used by more than
1.3 million passengers each day, nearly two-thirds of the population.
Twenty-eight percent of express bus users previously traveled
in their cars, which translates into savings of up to 25 percent
of fuel consumption city wide. Fuel consumption per head in Curitiba
is a quarter less than the Brazilian average, even though car
ownership per head is the highest in the country, reversing the
normal rule that high ownership means high fuel consumption.
Curitiba also has one of the lowest levels of ambient air pollution
in Brazil (Roseland 1998: 117-118)."
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Waste Reduction and Recycling
Energy
Efficiency and Renewables
Land
Use and Urban Form
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